Journal: AMB Express

Article Title: Repurposing pinaverium bromide against Staphylococcus and its biofilms with new mechanisms

doi: 10.1186/s13568-024-01809-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antimicrobial susceptibility of PVB against pathogens

Article Snippet: ATCC 25,922 , Non-MDR , 128 , 256.

Techniques:

Journal: BMC Oral Health

Article Title: Potential of microbial-derived biosurfactants for oral applications–a systematic review

doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-04479-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of the methods employed and outcomes of studies included in this systematic review

Article Snippet: Farias J.M. et al. [ ] (2019) , Biosurfactant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PB), Bacillus cereus (BB), Candida bombicola (CB) , C. albicans ATCC 1106 S. aureus ATCC 15,656 E. coli ATCC 25,922 L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 S. salivarius ATCC 25,975 S. mutans ATCC 25,175 , Chitosan (extracted from the cell wall of Mucor javanicus (UCP 69)), Peppermint essential oil (POE) , 1. Characterization of biosurfactants 2. Formulation of mouthwash 3. Determination of antimicrobial activity 4. Analysis of fraction inhibitory concentration 5. Evaluation of toxicity of formulated mouthwashes , 1. The biosurfactants obtained from C. bombicola , B. cereus , and P. aeruginosa (respectively designated as CB, BB, and PB) were capable of reducing the surface tension of water from 70 mN/m to 30, 29, and 26.5 mN/m, respectively. 2. The formulation consists of biosurfactant, peppermint essential oil, and chitosan solution (diluted in 1% acetic acid), the solid components (sodium benzoate and sodium saccharine) in a fine powder, followed by distilled water to complete 100 mL. The pH of the formulation was adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH 1 N. 3. The biosurfactant PB was the most effective against S. aureus , E. coli , and S. salivarius (MIC: 20 μg/mL), while PB and CB had similar effects on S. mutans (MIC: 20 μg/mL). All biosurfactants exhibited uniform effects on C. albicans and L. acidophilus (MIC: 40 μg/mL). Combining biosurfactants with chitosan reduced MIC for all microorganisms. When combined with peppermint essential oils, the MIC for C. albicans either increased (CB + POE and BB + POE: 30 μg/mL) or remained the same (PB + POE: 20 μg/mL). The low MIC combination for L. acidophilus (20 μg/mL) was peppermint essential oil with PB. For S. mutans , only CB + POE maintained the biosurfactant’s MIC, with reductions observed in all other combinations. 4. The combinations of the CB and PB with chitosan demonstrated an additive effect on the majority of microorganisms tested and an indifferent effect on E. coli and C. albicans . The combinations of CB and BB with the peppermint essential oil exhibited an additive effect only on the gram-negative bacterium E. coli and an indifferent effect on the other microorganisms tested. 5. The results demonstrate that the test mouthwashes were classified as non-toxic to the fibroblast line, with cell inhibition rates lower than 20%. However, the mouthwash containing the biosurfactant extracted from C. bombicola + peppermint essential oil + chitosan exhibited moderate toxicity to the macrophage line (66% inhibition)..

Techniques: Extraction, Purification, Concentration Assay, Activity Assay, Inhibition, Produced, Bacteria, Formulation, Calcium Carbonate, Foaming, Diffusion-based Assay, Disruption, In Vitro, Antibiofilm Assay, Gene Expression, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Fluorescence, Expressing, Mass Spectrometry, Cell Culture, Cytotoxicity Assay